ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ РАБОТА«Животные в английских пословицах и поговорках и их русские эквиваленты».
- Марина Лопатина
- 12 апр. 2021 г.
- 10 мин. чтения
Муниципальное бюджетное образовательное учреждение средняя образовательная школа № 1 им. генерал-лейтенанта Б. П. Юркова
Подготовила: Волошина Елизавета
учащаяся 10 класса
Руководитель: Лопатина Марина
Викторовна
Зверево
2020
Оглавление
1.Введение……………………………………………………….3
2.Методология изучения, цель, задачи
и актуальность исследования………………………………....3
3. Основные характеристики наиболее популярных животных……………………………………………...………....4
4. Основные характеристики наиболее популярных птиц …..7
6. Заключение……………………………………………………9
7. Литература…………………………………………………….9
Приложение 1……………………………………………………11
Приложение 2……………………………………………………11
Introduction
Time passes away, but saying remain.
Пословица недаром молвится.
Старая пословица век не сломится.
One of the aims of learning foreign language is to learn more about culture of the country where this language is spoken. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to study phraseology, which is necessary for effective communication, since you can not properly master the language without learning its phraseology.
Proverbs and sayings are a type of phraseology. They capture the rich historical experience of the people, their life and culture. Idiomatic expressions were created by the people, so they are related to the interests and everyday concerns of ordinary people. The animal world has always played an important role in the life of both the English people and the Russian. Studying of proverbs helps to understand better national character of the English, their culture and history, and comparing them with Russian equivalents can help you understand and learn the Russian language better. The use of proverbs in lessons creates positive motivation and helps to develop interest in learning foreign languages.
This project is relevant, since it is very important for those who study a foreign language in depth to know the basic and frequently used proverbs in order to be able to choose the right equivalent in their native language, avoiding literal translation. This is important when communicating directly with native speakerspeakers of a particular language. Idioms are stable indivisible combinations of words that can be replaced with a single word synonym. Usually, each language has its own idioms that have an unexpected meaning, and when translating them into another language, you can not do without a special dictionary. Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units makes your speech more figurative and expressive.
Thepurpose of this work is to compare proverbs containing animal names in English and Russian, and attempt to analyze the features of the studied names in these languages by translating them from one language to another. The subject of research in this project is the phraseology of English and Russian languages.
The object of the study is English Proverbs containing the names of animals.
Tasks:
1. Analyze the frequency of the usage of different animals in English and Russian Proverbs and sayings.
2. Compare the characteristics given to animals in proverbs and sayings.
Method: comparative analysis.
Research hypothesis: through proverbs and sayings of two countries a person and the properties of his personality are compared with the habits and behavior of animals. The main characteristics of animals in both languages are the same.
Main characteristics of the most common animals in proverbs
Dog
A dog is one of the most common animals in proverbs and sayings. The image of a dog is usually associated with a hidden threat: Beware of a silent dog and still water; Не буди спящегопса: песспит, атымимо. One of the main qualities of this pet – the ability to bark - is also reflected in English and Russian proverbs.A barking dog is usually compared to useless work or unsuccessful attempts to change the situation: The dog barks, but the caravan goes on. What does the moon care if the dogs bark at her? Собакаинавладыкулает.The dog can be blamed and punished: Give a dog a bad name and hang it. Комунадособакуударить, тотипалкусыщет.
In some of the proverbs an old dog is mentioned, which in the Russian language is characterized positively, and in English, on the contrary, negatively: An old dog will learn no new tricks. Стар пёс, да верно служит.
Other characteristics associated with this pet in English and Russian proverbs and sayings are very diverse and generally do not coincide. So, in Russian Proverbs and sayings, a dog is associated with venality: Для продажной псины - кол из осины; stupidity: Ус соминый, да разум псиный. In English proverbs and sayings this image is usually associated with positive character traits: A good dog deserves a good bone. A dog that trots about finds a bone.
Cat
Images of another pet, a cat, also have similarities, although they do not match completely. Both peoples considered the cat a symbol of witchcraft and evil, which is partially reflected in English and Russian proverbs and sayings. In both English and Russian proverbs and sayings, this pet is characterized by mischief: Send not the cat for lard. The cat shuts her eyes while it steals cream. Чует кошка, чьё мясо съела. In Russian proverbs and sayings, the need to put an end to the pranks is noted: Не всё коту Масленица, будет и Великий пост.
In proverbs and sayings of both languages, the image is contrasted with images of mice and dogs: When the cat's away, the mice will play. Agreelikecatsanddogs. Отольются кошке мышкины слёзки. Жить как кошка с собакой. This image is also associated with pretending: Cats hide their claws. Кошкаспит, а мышей видит.
Other characteristics associated with this pet in English and Russian proverbs and sayings do not match. So, in English proverbs and sayings, a cat is associated with vitality: A cat has nine lives, in Russian - with arrogance and greed: Влез кот на сало и кричит: «Мало»!
Horse
A significant number of Russian and English proverbs and sayings are also associated with another pet, the horse. By both peoples, the horse was used both in agriculture and as a vehicle away from home, as well as in hunting. Some proverbs and sayings match in meaning and form: Look not a gift horse in the mouth. Дареному коню в зубы не смотрят. A horse stumbles that has four legs. Конь о четырёх ногах, и тот спотыкается. Don't change horses in midstream. Коней на переправе не меняют.
In both languages, the image of a horse is traditionally associated with its care and use. In English: spur, saddle, cart, table, glass etc.; In Russian: bit, reins, feed, oats, etc. But in Russian proverbs and sayings, the horse is represented as harnessed, and in English - as a riding horse. The hard work of a horse is reflected in Russian proverbs and sayings: Был конь, да изъездился. English proverbs and sayings about the hard fate of the horse are less and they are not so categorical: Never spur a willing horse.
Pig
Image of this pet in Russian and English actually coincides and carries a negative assessment, the pig is usually associated with an untidy, ignorant person: Cast pearls before swine. Метать бисер перед свиньями. Посадишь свинью за стол, она и ноги на стол.
However, there are some differences. In Russian proverbs and sayings this image is also associated with stupidity and insolence: У богатого гумна и свинья умна; Свинья только рыло просунет, и вся пролезет. In English proverbs and sayings, the image of this pet can also be used to express the impossibility of an action, for example: When pigs fly; or the strangeness of what is happening: Pigs might fly if they had wings.
Sheep
As a rule, in both languages, the sheep is associated with laziness and a sense of gregariousness : A lazy sheep thinks its wool heavy; If one sheep leaps over the ditch, all the rest will follow. Одна паршивая овца всё стадо портит.
Also in both traditions, there is a contrast between a sheep and a wolf, while the image of a pet is associated with defenselessness: A lone sheep is in danger of the wolf. Худо овцам, где волк в пастухах.
Wolf
In Russian, there are more sayings that mention the wolf than in English, but in both languages it is characterized negatively. In English and Russian, the image of a wolf represents a hidden threat: A wolf in sheep's clothing. Волк в овечьей шкуре.
In Russian, they don’t believe the wolf: Волку верь убитому. Волка пожалей — искусает ещё злей. They also mention impossibility of changing its natural qualities: Сколько волка ни корми, он всё в лес смотрит. Волк каждый год линяет, а обычай не меняет. In addition, in Russian proverbs the wolf faces a fair punishment for his actions: Не за то волка бьют, что сер, а за то, что овцу съел. Таскал волк – потащили и волка.
In both languages, the image of a wolf is contrasted with the image of a sheep, and in Russian it is also with a hare: Волка кормят зубы, а зайца спасают ноги.
Fox
Such an animal as a fox is found in Russian proverbs and sayings more often than in English ones, but its main qualities are almost identical. The fox is associated with cunning, the ability to get out of difficult situations: A fox is not taken twice in the same snare. When the fox preaches, take care of your geese. Старую лису дважды не проведёшь.
In Russian proverbs, the Fox often acts together with the wolf, and usually deceives him: Одна лиса семерых волков проведёт. Лиса сытнее волка живёт.
Hare
The hare is mentioned in Russian proverbs and sayings quite often, but in English there are few proverbs about the hare. Both languages have the same proverbs about a hare with the meaning "don't do two things at the same time": If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. За двумя зайцами погонишься – ни одного не поймаешь. The hare in both traditions is a cowardly and weak animal: Hares may pull dead lions by the beard. Труслив, как заяц, блудлив, как кошка.
However, in Russian there are sayings that characterize the hare in a different way, for example, that the hare is not cowardly, but careful: Заяц не трус, он себя бережёт; and also that there are animals smaller and weaker than the hare: Заяц от лисы, лягушка от зайца бежит.
Hen
Comparative analysis shows that the "hen" component is more common in Russian proverbs and sayings than in English ones. In Russian the image of a chicken is associated with stupidity: Умница – как попова курица; harmfulness: Дай курице гряду – изроет весь огород; unpretentiousness: В марте курица из лужицы напьётся. Курица по зёрнышку клюёт, да сыта живёт.
In English proverbs and sayings the image of this poultry is associated with the desired and available: Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow; and also with the need to make efforts in order to get the result: He that would have eggs must endure the cackling of hens.
The only coincidence in the Russian and English images of this poultry is that it is used to show relationship between parents and children: Even one chick makes a hen busy; A black hen lays a white egg; От худой курицы худые яйца; Яйца курицу не учат.
Сock
In the proverbs of both languages, a cock (rooster) is a bully and a brawler. That cock won't fight; Драчлив петух жирен не бывает. Historically, it is motivated in different ways. Russian farmers observed this feature in the process of breeding poultry, while in the English tradition this is due to the fact that cockfights were previously very popular as a type of spectacle.
In proverbs and sayings of both languages, special attention is paid to the singing of the rooster as one of its main characteristics: As the old cock crows, so does the young; Поп да петух не евши поют. This image can be used in different situations. So, in Russian proverbs and sayings, it can be associated with luck and pride: У кого счастье поведётся, у того и петух несётся; Гордый петух стареет облезлым. In English proverbs and sayings, fatalism and stupid bravery are interpreted through this image: Let the cock crow or not, the day will come; A cock is bold on his own dunghill.
Different birds:
In addition to proverbs and sayings about domestic birds, both languages have proverbs with wild birds. In English, it is more often used simply "bird", and in Russian, the certain type of bird is usually mentioned. In English phraseology the most common are the hawk and the crow. In Russian - the sandpiper, owl, magpie, and falcon. Both languages have proverbs about the crow and the nightingale
Many proverbs about birds in both languages are similar or completely identical in form and meaning.
In both English and Russian proverbs, a bird usually loves its nest or home: Every bird likes its nest. Всякая птица своё гнездо любит. Всяк кулик свое болото хвалит.
The main advantage of birds, judging by the proverbs-singing or plumage: A bird may be known by its song. Fine feathers make fine birds. О птице по перу судят.
The proverbs reflect the fact that birds are difficult to catch and this teaches you to be content with little: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Лучше синица в руке, чем журавль в небе.
In addition, in Russian the bird is directly opposed to a man to show that for a person, inner mental qualities are more important than appearance or talent, in contrast to birds: Красна птица перьями, а человек – знаниями. Птицы сильны крыльями, а люди – дружбой. Птица радуется весне, а младенец матери.
The English language also mentions the instinct of birds to gather in flocks: Birds of a feather flock together.
The nightingale is a freedom loving bird: Nightingale will not sing in a cage. Не нужна соловью золотая клетка, а нужна зелёная ветка.
The swallow in both languages is the first, but not the main messenger of warming, spring or summer, associated with good news: One swallow does not make a summer. Одна ласточка весны не делает.
In Russian, proverbs about the falcon are quite common, this image is usually positive, the falcon is a strong and beautiful bird: Сокола по полёту узнают. This bird is usually contrasted with the crow: Наряд соколиный, а походка воронья. Не бывать вороне соколом. Видом сокол, а голосом ворона.
In English phraseology, there are proverbs and sayings about the hawk. This bird is friendly to members of its own species: Hawks will not pick hawks’ eyes. Also taming of a hawk is mentioned: An empty hand is not lure for a hawk.
Conclusion
In our research, we tried to make a comparative analysis of English and Russian proverbs and sayings with animal names, to find out their similarities and differences in animal image systems. Not all animals are used equally often. Both in English and in Russian, a significant place is occupied by proverbs that mention pets. Most often proverbs with pets such as a cat and a dog, as well as a horse, a sheep and a cow are mentioned. Among wild animals, the most commonly used are a wolf, a fox and a hare. And in Russian proverbs wild beasts of the forest are mentioned more often than in English. Perhaps, this is due to the fact that hunting used to play a very important role in the life of Russian people. Therefore, the images of these animals in Russian are much more diverse than in English. And in the phraseological units of the English language, there are more various pets.
Not all images of animals carry the same emotional load in the Proverbs and sayings of the two languages. Thus, if the wolf and bear are mentioned among the "negative leaders" in both languages, the negative image "pig" and "sheep" is more typical for English proverbs and sayings, and "cat" and "rooster" - for Russian. Common positive images in both languages are horse and chicken. All these images are based on human observations of wildlife and are used to characterize the person and his activities in transferring the qualities of animals to people.
Judging by the proverbs, the people of England are more practical, while the Russians by complicating the interpretation of proverbs make them more imaginative.
Despite the fact that English and Russian languages belong to different groups, that our peoples did not have close contacts, and each went its own way of historical development, many folk sayings are similar or even the same and some coincide in meaning (Appendix 2). These are mainly international proverbs that reflect views on universal values in animal images.
The study of proverbs and sayings of another language allows you to better understand the culture and way of thinking of another nation, as well as to enrich your vocabulary of a foreign language.
List of literature
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